On busy days in the Senate, when I am rushing through the Capitol, I sometimes pause in the rotunda and reflect on John Trumbull’s massive painting of the Continental Congress being presented with the draft of the Declaration of Independence.

It captures the moment, in the summer of 1776, when our nation declared that all people are created free and equal.

About 50 men, most of them seated, are in a large meeting room. Most are focused on the five men standing in the center of the room. The tallest of the five is laying a document on a table.

Declaring those values was as revolutionary as declaring independence from Britain. Before 1776, authoritarian governments of kings and conquerors derived their power from the barrel of a musket. But a just government, the Declaration said, derives its power from the consent of the people. That vision replaced violence with voters, rulers with representatives, tyranny with democracy. Lincoln simply called it, “government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

This summer, we celebrate the 250th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Over two and a half centuries, we have progressed toward the vision of liberty and justice for all by including those originally excluded: Indigenous peoples, women, and communities of color. And we have grown freer, stronger, fairer, and richer every time we have lived up to the values of freedom, equality, inclusion, and opportunity for all.

Those opportunities shaped my life. My dad was a millwright, a mechanic who kept a timber mill’s machinery humming. When I was young, he took me to the schoolhouse doors and said, “If you walk through those doors and work hard, you can do anything because you live in America.” It was a promise of opportunity under our government “for the people”.

I believed in that promise. I became the first in my family to go to college. And, in 1976, our bicentennial summer, I was thrilled to get an internship with Oregon’s Senator Mark Hatfield in Washington, DC.

That experience was transformative. Opening and sorting the mail each morning, I read about the hopes and cares of ordinary Oregonians, including housing, health care, education, and good-paying jobs, the very foundations for families to thrive. I also had the chance to cover the Tax Reform Act, and I saw how a bad policy can hurt millions of people, while a good policy can help millions of people.

Fifty years later, those lessons are still the bedrock of my career in public service and how I think about public policy. And they are the bedrock of the American Dream. Every family deserves to live in a decent home in a decent community. Every person deserves to see a doctor when they are sick. Every child deserves a quality education. And every worker deserves a fair wage for an honest day’s work.
Cover of 'American Indians and the American Dream' by Kasey R. Keeler
But, on America’s 250th anniversary, the American Dream is in trouble. Government by and for the people is turning into government by and for the powerful. Houses are becoming profit centers for hedge funds instead of homes for families. Health care is focused on profits over patients. Education is becoming a privilege for the wealthy. And full-time workers cannot make ends meet. Everywhere we look, it feels like families lose and billionaires win. Restoring the American Dream starts with rebuilding the foundations for all families to thrive.

Our country has come through tough times before. From Bunker Hill and Gettysburg to suffrage and civil rights, ordinary Americans — from all generations, all walks of life, and against all odds — fought and sacrificed for a more just future. Citizenship and patriotism mean taking responsibility for your community, investing in your neighbors, and building a better world for your children.

Walking through the Capitol rotunda, Mr. Trumbull’s painting looks out over marble statues of historic Americans. Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and other presidents are now joined by Martin Luther King, Jr., Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott, each of whom brought our country another step closer to realizing the Declaration’s promise of liberty and justice for all.

On this 250th Fourth of July, as we enjoy cookouts and fireworks, let us rededicate ourselves to the unfinished American Revolution of government of the people, by the people, for the people. Let’s save our republic!

Commentary by Jeff Merkley, Democratic United States Senator representing Oregon. 

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Today, we’re using the term American Indian, it’s in the title of my book, American Indians and the American Dream, but we often hear the term Native American.

And I like to talk about American Indian in the sense that it is a political designation. It’s also a legal designation that we have seen coming from the federal government as well.

So we need to always remember that there are 574 federally-recognized, distinct tribal nations across the United States today that have legal, political relationships with the federal government.

Collectively, we are often referred to as American Indian or Native American because of the similarities and those legal, political relationships, but very distinct in terms of being sovereign entities. — Kasey Keeler, assistant professor of American Indian and Indigenous Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

“We have been here since time began,” Don Ivy, chief of the Coquille Indian Tribe, said. “We have been here since the first human got here.”

For thousands of years, more than 60 tribes lived in Oregon’s diverse environmental regions. At least 18 languages were spoken across hundreds of villages. Natural resources abounded.

“Before the non-Indians got here, we were some of the richest people in the world,” said Louie Pitt Jr., director of governmental affairs for the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. “Oregon has been 100 percent Indian land.”

After thousands of years of history, life as the native people knew it was upended in just a few short decades.

An undate image from the Umatilla Reservation.

Oh, those values: the pioneers were essentially “squatters” on Indigenous lands, but they were doing so with the quiet encouragement of the U.S. government.

  • Theft of Indigenous Lands: The pioneers actively dispossessed Native American tribes of their ancestral homelands. The U.S. government heavily promoted pioneer settlement through the Donation Land Claim Act before federal superintendents had negotiated or ratified treaties to legally purchase or extinguish tribal land titles.